Title

PC CPU Performance Comparisons

From Roy Longbottom's Benchmark Results

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Summary

The document contains tables of CPU performance from 80486 to Intel Core i7 and AMD Phenom II, including speed via caches and RAM derived from my benchmarks and results reports, which are available from Compuserve PC Hardware Forum and my web site.

More Historic Data

In analysing results of the different benchmarks, in virtually all cases (except for RAM), CPU speed, including using data in cache, is shown to be proportional to CPU MHz for a particular type of processor. So it has been decided to show the MHz of available CPUs and provide simple tables with one set of numbers for each type of CPU. For results depending on memory speed, results are provided for a range of RAM types.

As the number and type of instructions used in the benchmarks is known, performance results can be easily converted to Millions of Instructions Per Second (MIPS) or Millions of Floating Point Operations Per Second (MFLOPS). Comparison numbers represent percentages of MIPS or MFLOPS divided by CPU MHz.

Contents
Introduction
 Benchmark results used
Intel CPU Characteristics Older CPUs +C,X Pentium 4 Class +C,X Pentium M Class
C-Celeron, X-Xeon Core 2 Mobile Core 2 Quad Mobile Atom

Core 2 Class +C,X Core i7/i5 Class +X Turbo Boost
AMD CPU Characteristics Older CPUs Athlon 64 Athlon 64 X2, X3, X4

Mobile Athlon 64, Turion Sempron Opteron 1 and 2 Core

Opteron 4 and 6 Core Phenom Phenom II
CPU/L1 Cache Speed 32 bit integers 32/64 bit floating point SSE, SSE2 floating point
CPU/L2 Cache Speed 32 bit integers 32/64 bit floating point SSE, SSE2 floating point
RAM Speed 32 bit integers 32/64 bit floating point SSE, SSE2 floating point


1. CPU Performance Tables - Introduction

In analysing results of the different benchmarks, in virtually all cases, CPU speed, including using data in cache, is shown to be proportional to CPU MHz for a particular type of processor. So it has been decided to show the MHz of available CPUs and provide simple tables with one set of numbers for each type of CPU. As the number and type of instructions used in the benchmarks is known, performance results can be easily converted to Millions of Instructions Per Second (MIPS) or Millions of Floating Point Operations Per Second (MFLOPS). Comparison numbers represent percentages of MIPS or MFLOPS divided by CPU MHz.

CPUs can have more than one Integer or Floating Point Pipeline where each might be able to produce one result per Hz. The first Intel Pentium 4 Integer Pipelines could execute two instructions per cycle. Then there are MMX, SSE and SSE2 Single Instruction Multiple Data functions, using 64 or 128 byte registers, where 2 to 4 calculations can be carried out simultaneously. Furthermore, with floating point, linked add and multiply instruction can produce two results per clock cycle for each register element (SSE up to eight 32 bit calculations per clock). The net result is that the percentage calculations can be greater than 100.

Overall processor performance depends on the type/version and speed of CPU and cache sizes along with memory speed, which is dependent on the system board used. No attempt is made to provide an overall performance rating, the overall aim being to show some strengths and weaknesses of each type of processor.

The introduction of the Intel i7 processor leads to a major complication as it does not necessarily run at a constant GHz speed. In the event of only one processor being used, and it is not too hot, a Turbo Boost function increases CPU GHz. A reducing speed increase using 2, 3 or 4 CPUs can also be applied (see Turbo Boost from Contents table). In the results tables, two percentage calculations are shown based on normal and boosted speed.

Some information on Cyrix CPU Characteristics is also included.

Note that these benchmarks reflect performance of one CPU on multi-core processors.

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2. CPU Characteristics

Some of the following have been gathered from benchmark results and magazines and may not be completely accurate. Mobile CPUs have the same speeds using mains power but might have diferent size L2 caches and slower RAM.

A special CPUID assembly code instruction enable details of processor characteristics to be obtained including model codes. These codes were originally three hexadecimal digits known as Family, Model and Stepping, the latter digit showing changes for minor bug fixes. An extra Extended Model digit was included later. Different types of processor, such as Pentium, Celeron and Xeon, have the same Family and Model codes, which invariably means that the core CPUs have identical performance characteristics (cache sizes and connectivity will be different). Later, CPUID functions produce the processor marketing name and model.

Intel model codes are readily available via their “Processor Spec Finder” but the equivalent AMD pages only show marketing model details. In most cases, the model codes can be found in FAB51 Reference Guides or PDF documents for Processor Revision Guides or Power Data Sheets.

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Intel



 Older CPUs

 CPU             MHz   MHz KB L1  KB L2     Type L2     FSB  CPUID
                From    To Cache  Cache       Cache     MHz  Model 

 Pentium          75   200    8  256-512    External  50-66  51x-52x   
 Pentium Pro     180   200    8  256-512    Internal  60-66  61x   
 Pentium MMX     166   233   16  256-512    External     66  58x 

 Pentium II      233   333   16      512  Half Speed     66  63x-65x 
 Pentium II      350   450   16      512  Half Speed    100  65x

 PII Xeon        400   450   16      512  Full Speed    100  652,653
 PII Xeon        400   450   16     1024  Full Speed    100  652,653
 PII Xeon        450         16     2048  Full Speed    100  653

 Pentium III     450   600   16      512  Half Speed    100  67x 
 Pentium IIIB    533   600   16      512  Half Speed    133  67x
 Pentium IIIE    550  1100   16      256  Full Speed    100  68x
 Pentium IIIEB   533  1330   16      256  Full Speed    133  68x
 Pentium IIIT   1000  1400   16      256  Full Speed    133  6Bx 
 Pentium IIIT    800  1400   16      512  Full Speed    133  6Bx 

 PIII Xeon       500   550   16 512-2048  Full Speed    100  672,673
 PIII Xeon       600  1000   16      256  Full Speed    133  68x
 PIII Xeon       700         16     1024  Full Speed    100  6A0
 PIII Xeon       700         16     2048  Full Speed    100  6A0,6A1

 Celeron         266   300   16        0        None     66  65x
 Celeron A       300   533   16      128  Full Speed     66  66x
 Celeron 2       533   766   16      128  Full Speed     66  68x
 Celeron 3       800  1100   16      128  Full Speed    100  68x
 Celeron 4T     1000  1400   16      256  Full Speed    100  6Bx

 Celeron M       266   466   16      128  Full Speed     66  66x
 Celeron M       667         16      128  Full Speed     66  68x
 Celeron M       400   900   16      128  Full Speed    100  68x
 Celeron M       733   933   16      128  Full Speed    133  68x
 Celeron M       650         16      256  Full Speed    100  6Bx
 Celeron M       733  1333   16      256  Full Speed    133  6Bx

         M = Mobile

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 All the following have full speed L2 cache

 Pentium 4 Class

 CPU             MHz   MHz KB L1  KB L2     FSB  CPUID
                From    To Cache  Cache     MHz  Model

 Pentium 4      1300  2000    8      256    400  F0x-F1x  
 Pentium 4N     1600  2800    8      512    400  F2x  
 Pentium 4N2    2260  3060    8      512    533  F2x  
 Pentium 4N3    2400  3400    8      512    800  F2x  
 Pentium 4EE    3200  3400    8    512+L3#  800  F2x  
 Pentium 4EE    3460  3730    8    512+L3# 1066  F2x-F4x 
 Pentium 4E     2400  2800   16     1024    533  F3x-F4x
 Pentium 4E     2800  3800   16     1024    800  F3x-F4x  
 P4 505-519     2666  3060   16     1024    533  F3x-F4x
 P4 520-571     2800  3800   16     1024    800  F3x-F4x
 P4 620-672     2800  3800   16     2048    800  F4x
 P4 631-661     3000  3600   16     2048    800  F6x

 Xeon           1400  2000    8      256    400  F0x-F1x
 Xeon MP 1 CPU  1400  2800    8    512+L3@  400  F1x-F2x   
 Xeon           1800  2800    8    512+L3@  400  F2x
 Xeon           2000  3200    8    512+L3@  533  F2x
 Xeon           2800  3800   16   1024+L3$  800  F3x-F4x
 Xeon           3166  3666   16   1024+L3&  667  F4x

 P4 D 805       2666        16*2   1024*2   533  F47
 P4 D 820-840   2800  3200  16*2   1024*2   800  F47,F44
 P4 D 920-960   2800  3600  16*2   2048*2   800  F6x

 P4EE 840       3200        16*2   1024*2   800  F44
 P4EE 955-965   3460  3730  16*2   2048*2  1066  F62,F64

 Xeon 7020      2666        16*2   1024*2   667  F48
 Xe 7110N-7140N 2500  3333  16*2 1024*2+L3* 667  F68
 Xe 5020-5050   2500  3000  16*2   2048*2   667  F64
 Xeon 7040      3000        16*2   2048*2   667  F48
 Xeon 7030      2800        16*2   2048*2   800  F48
 Xe 7110M-7140M 2600  3400  16*2 2048*2+L3* 800  F68
 Xeon 7041      3000        16*2   2048*2   800  F48
 Xe 5060-5080   3200  3733  16*2   2048*2  1066  F64

 XEO 7130N      3166        16*2    8192    667  F68
 XEO 7130M      3200        16*2    8192    800  F68
 XEO 7140N      3333        16*2   16384    667  F68
 XEO 7140M      3400        16*2   16384    800  F68

 Pentium 4 M    1400  2600    8      512    400  F2x
 Pentium 4 M    2400  3200    8      512    533  F29
 Pentium 4 M    2800  3200   16     1024    533  F34
 P4 M 548       3333         16     1024    533  F41  

 Celeron        1700  1800    8      128    400  F1x 
 Celeron        2000  2800    8      128    400  F2x 
 Cel D 310-355  2130  3333   16      256    533  F3x-F4x
 Cel D 347-365  3060  3600   16      512    533  F6x

 Celeron M      1400  2400    8      256    400  F29

 L3# 2 MB, L3@ top models 1 or 2 MB, L3$ 0, 2 or 4 MB
 L3& 0, 4 or 8 MB, L3* 4, 8 or 16 MB,
 P4 D = Dual Core, Celeron D = 1 Core, M = Mobile
     
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 Pentium M Class

 CPU             MHz   MHz KB L1  KB L2     FSB  CPUID
                From    To Cache  Cache     MHz  Model

 PM              900  1700   32     1024    400  695
 PM  733-778    1100  2100   32     2048    400  6D6,6D8
 PM  730-780    1600  2267   32     2048    533  6D8

 PDM T2060-2130 1600  1860  32*2    1024    533  6EC

 CS  T1350      1860         32     2048    533  6E8
 CS  U1300-1500 1060  1333   32     2048    533  6EC,6E8
 CS  T1300-1400 1666  1833   32     2048    667  6EC,6E8

 CM              600   800   32      512    400  695      
 CM   353-373    900  1000   32      512    400  6D6       
 CM   310-340   1200  1500   32      512    400  695      
 CM   350-390   1300  1700   32     1024    400  6D6,6D8      
 CM   420-450   1060  2000   32     1024    533  6EC,6E8

 CDM T2050-2450 1600  2000  32*2    2048    533  6E8
 CDM U2400-2500 1060  1200  32*2    2048    533  6E8
 CDM L2300-2500 1500  1830  32*2    2048    667  6EC,6E8
 CDM T2300-2700 1666  2333  32*2    2048    667  6EC,6E8

 PM = Pentium M
 PDM = Pentium Dual Core Mobile
 CM = Celeron Mobile 
 CS = Core Solo
 CDM = Core Duo Mobile

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 Core 2 Duo Class Mobile

 CPU             MHz   MHz KB L1   KB L2    FSB  CPUID
                From    To Cache   Cache    MHz  Model

 C2S U2100-2200 1060  1200   32     1024    533  ??
 C2S U3300-3500 1200  1400   32     3072    800  10676

 CM    520      1600         32     1024    533  6F6
 CM    520-560  1600  2130   32     1024    533  10661

 PDM T2310-2390 1460  1860  32*2    1024    533  6FD

 CM  SU2300     1200        32*2    1024    800  6FD
 CM  T1400-1500 1730  1860  32*2     512    533  6FD
 CM  T1600-1700 1666  1830  32*2    1024    667  6FD
 CM  T3000-3100 1800  1900  32*2    1024    800

 C2M U7500-7600 1066  1333  32*2    2048    533  6F2,6FD
 C2M T5200-5300 1600  1860  32*2    2048    533  6F2,6F6
 C2M T5250-5750 1666  1500  32*2    2048    667  6F2,6F6,6FD
 C2M L7200-7400 1333  1500  32*2    4096    667  6F6
 C2M T7200-7600 2000  2333  32*2    4096    667  6F6
 C2M T5470            1600  32*2    4096    800  6FD
 C2M T7100-7250 1800  2000  32*2    2048    800  6FD
 C2M T8100-8300 2100  2400  32*2    3072    800  10676
 C2M L7300-7500 1400  1600  32*2    4096    800  6FA
 C2M T7300-7800 2000  2600  32*2    4096    800  6FA,6FB
 C2M T9300-9500 2500  2600  32*2    6144    800  10676
 C2M P7350      2000        32*2    3072   1066  10676
 C2M P8400-8800 2260  2666  32*2    3072   1066  10676
 C2M P9500      2530        32*2    6144   1066  10676
 C2M T9400-9900 2530  3066  32*2    6144   1066  10676

 CXM X7800-7900 2600  2800  32*2    4096    800  6FA-6FB
 CXM X9000      2800        32*2    6144    800  10676
 CXM X9100      3066        32*2    6144   1066  10676

 C2S = Core 2 Solo Mobile
 CM  = Celeron Mobile
 PDM = Pentium Dual Core Mobile
 C2M = Core 2 Duo Mobile
 CXM = Core 2 Duo Extreme Mobile

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 Core 2 Quad Mobile

 CPU             MHz   MHz KB L1   KB L2    FSB  CPUID
                From    To Cache   Cache    MHz  Model

 C4M QX9300     2533        32*4   12288   1066   
 C4M Q9000      2000        32*4    6144   1066  10676
 C4M Q9100      2266        32*4   12288   1066

 CPU             MHz   MHz KB L1   KB L2   KB L3    Bus  CPUID
                From    To Cache   Cache   Cache   GT/s  Model

 I4M 720QM      1600        32*4   256*4    8192    2.5  106E5
 I4M 820QM      1733        32*4   256*4    6144    2.5  106E5
 I4M 920XM      2000        32*4   256*4    8192    2.5 

 C4M  - Core 2 Quad Mobile
 I4M  = Core i7 Mobile

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 Atom Processor

 CPU             MHz   MHz KB L1   KB L2    FSB  CPUID
                From    To Cache   Cache    MHz  Model

 AT  Z500-Z515   800  1200    24     512    400  106C2
 AT  Z520-Z560  1333  2130    24     512    533  106C2
 AT  N270-N280  1600  1666    24     512    533  106C2
 AT  330        1600        24*2   512*2    533  106C2

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 Core 2 Class DeskTop and Server

 CPU             MHz   MHz KB L1   KB L2    FSB  CPUID
                From    To Cache   Cache    MHz  Model

 Cel  420-440   1600  2000   32      512    800  10661

 CeD E1200-1400 1600  2000  32*2     512    800  6FD

 PDC E2140-2200 1600  2400  32*2    1024    800  6F2,6FB,6FD

 C2D E4300-4700 1800  2600  32*2    2048    800  6F2,6FB,6FD
 C2D E6300-6400 1860  2130  32*2    2048   1066  6F2,6F6
 C2D E7200-7600 2533  3066  32*2    3072   1066  10676,1067A
 C2D E6320-6700 1860  2666  32*2    4096   1066  6F6
 C2D E6540-6850 2333  3000  32*2    4096   1333  6FB
 C2D E8190-8600 2666  3333  32*2    6144   1333  10676,1067A

 C2E X6800      2930        32*2    4096   1066  6F6

 XEO  3040-3050 1860  2133  32*2    2048   1066  6F2,6F6
 XEO  5110-5138 1600  2133  32*2    4096   1066  6F6,6FB
 XEO  3060-3070 2400  2666  32*2    4096   1066  6F6
 XEO  3065-3085 2333  3000  32*2    4096   1333  6FB
 XEO  5130-5160 2000  3000  32*2    4096   1333  6F6,6FB
 XEO E5205      1860        32*2    6144   1066  10676
 XEO L5215      1860        32*2    6144   1066  1067A
 XEO E5220-5240 2333  3000  32*2    6144   1333  10676
 XEO E3110-3120 3000  3160  32*2    6144   1333  1067A
 XEO X5260-5270 3333  3500  32*2    6144   1333  10676,1067A
 XEO L5238-5248 2666  3000  32*2    6144   1333  1067A
 XEO X5272      3400        32*2    6144   1600  10676
 XEO E7210-7220 2400  2930  32*2    8192   1066  6FB


 C2Q Q6600-6700 2400  2666  32*4    8192   1066  6F7,6FB
 C2Q Q8200-8400 2333  2666  32*4    4096   1333  10677,1067A
 C2Q Q9300-9505 2500  2830  32*4    6144   1333  10677,1067A
 C2Q Q9450-9650 2666  3000  32*4   12288   1333  10677,1067A

 QXE  6700-6800 2666  2930  32*4    8192   1066  6F7,6FB
 QXE  6850      3000        32*4    8192   1333  6FB
 QXE  9650      3000        32*4   12288   1333  10676
 QXE  9770-9775 3200        32*4   12288   1600  10676,10677

 XEO E7310-7320 1600  2133  32*4    4096   1066  6FB
 XEO E7330      2400        32*4    6144   1333  6FB
 XEO X3320-3330 2500  2666  32*4    6144   1333  10676
 XEO E5310-5320 1600  1860  32*4    8192   1066  6F7,6FB
 XEO E7340      2400        32*4    8192   1066  6FB
 XEO L7345      1860        32*4    8192   1066  6FB
 XEO X3210-3230 2133  2666  32*4    8192   1066  6F7,6FB
 XEO X7350      2930        32*4    8192   1066  6FB
 XEO L5310-5320 1600  1866  32*4    8192   1066  6F7
 XEO E7420      2133        32*4    8192   1066  106D1
 XEO E5335-5345 2000  2333  32*4    8192   1333  6F7,6FB
 XEO L5335      2000        32*4    8192   1333  6FB
 XEO X5355-5365 2666  3000  32*4    8192   1333  6F7,6FB
 XEO E5405-5450 2000  3000  32*4   12288   1333  10676
 XEO L5430      2833        32*4   12288   1333  1067A
 XEO L5410-5430 2333  2666  32*4   12288   1333  10676,1067A
 XEO X5450-5470 3000  3333  32*4   12288   1333  10676,1067A
 XEO X3320-3380 2500  3160  32*4   12288   1333  10676,1067A
 XEO E5462-5472 2800  3000  32*4   12288   1600  10676
 XEO X5472-5492 3000  3400  32*4   12288   1600  10676,1067A
 XEO L5408      2133        32*4   12288   1066  10676
 XEO E7430      2133        32*4   12288   1066  106D1
 XEO L7445      2133        32*4   12288   1066  106D1
 XEO E7440      2400        32*4   16384   1066  106D1

 XEO E7450      2400        32*6   12288   1066  106D1
 XEO L7455      2133        32*6   12288   1066  106D1
 XEO X7460      2666        32*6   16384   1066  106D1

 Cel = Celeron
 CeD = Celeron Dual Core
 PDC = Pentium Dual Core Desktop
 C2D = Core 2 Duo
 C2E = Core 2 Extreme
 C2Q = Core 2 Quad
 QXE = Core 2 Extreme Quad
 XEO = Xeon

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 Core i5 and i7 Class Desktop and Server

 CPU             MHz   MHz KB L1   KB L2   KB L3    Bus  CPUID
                From    To Cache   Cache   Cache   GT/s  Model

 Di7   860-870  2800  2933  32*4   256*4    8192   4.8   106E5
 Di7   920-960  2666  3200  32*4   256*4    8192   4.8   106A4,106A5
 Ei7   965-975  3200  3333  32*4   256*4    8192   6.4   106A4,106A5

 Mi7 720-820QM  1600  1733  32*4   256*4    8192   2.5   106E5
 Me7 920XM      2000        32*4   256*4    8192   2.5   106E5

 Xi7 X3430-3470 2400  2933  32*4   256*4    8192   2.5   106E5
 Xi7 L3426      1866        32*4   256*4    8192   2.5   106E5
 Xi7 E5502      1866        32*2   256*2    4096   4.8   106A5
 Xi7 E5504-5506 2000  2133  32*4   256*4    4096   4.8   106A5
 Xi7 W3520-3550 2666  3066  32*4   256*4    8192   4.8   106A5
 Xi7 E5520-5540 2266  2533  32*4   256*4    8192   5.86  106A5
 Xi7 L5520      2266        32*4   256*4    8192   5.86  106A5
 Xi7 X5550-5570 2666  2933  32*4   256*4    8192   6.4   106A5
 Xi7 W3570-3580 3200  3333  32*4   256*4    8192   6.4   106A5 
 Xi7 W5580      3200        32*4   256*4    8192   6.4   106A5

 Di5   750      2666        32*4   256*4    8192   4.8   106E5

 DiX=Desktop, Ei7=Extreme, Xi7=Xeon, Mi7=Laptop, Me7=Laptop Extreme
  
 Maximum Turbo Boost 1 CPU

  Model Normal  Turbo   Model Normal  Turbo    Model Normal  Turbo
           MHz    MHz            MHz    MHz             MHz    MHz

   860    2800   3466     870   2933   3600      920   2666   2933
   930    2800   3066     950   3066   3333      960   3200   3466
   965    3200   3466     975   3333   3600    720QM   1600   2800
 820QM    1733   3066   920XM   2000   3200      750   2666   3200


  2800 MHz Model 860 Turbo Boost

  Active Cores            1      2      3      4

  Maximum MHz / Core     3466   3333   2933   2933
  Maximum MHz All Cores  3466   6666   8800  11733


  2800 MHz Model 930 Turbo Boost

  Active Cores            1      2      3      4

  Maximum MHz / Core     3066   2933   2933   2933
  Maximum MHz All Cores  3066   5866   8800  11733

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AMD

Athlon MP varieties are essentially the same as XP. 

 Older AMD CPUs

 CPU            MHz   MHz KB L1   KB L2     Type L2    FSB  CPUID
               From    To Cache   Cache       Cache    MHz  Model
        
 K5              75   100    8      512    External  50-66  50x-53x
 K6             166   300   32      512    External     66  56x-57x
 K62            300   475   32 512-1024    External    100  58x
 K63            400   500   32   256+L3  Full Speed    100  59x

 Duron          550  1800   64       64  Full Speed    100  63x,66x
 Athlon         500   750   64      512  Half or <     100  62x
 Athlon Tbird   650  1400   64      256  Full Speed    100  64x
 Athlon Tbird  1000  1400   64      256  Full Speed    133  64x

 AXP 1500-2100 1333  1733   64      256  Full Speed    133  66x 
 AXP 1600-2600 1400  2133   64      256  Full Speed    133  68x,6A0
 AXP 2600-2800 2083  2250   64      256  Full Speed    167  68x,6A0
 AXP 3100      2200         64      256  Full Speed    200  68x,6A0
 AXP 2500-2800 1833  2133   64      512  Full Speed    133  6A0
 AXP 2500-3200 1833  2333   64      512  Full Speed    167  6A0
 AXP 2600-3200 1900  2200   64      512  Full Speed    200  6A0

 Sem 2200-2800 1500  2000   64      256  Full Speed    167  681,6A0
 Sem 3000-3300 2000  2200   64      512  Full Speed    167  6A0

 AXP = Athlon XP     Sem = Sempron

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 Athlon 64

 CPU              MHz   MHz KB L1   KB L2    RAM  Ch  Bus   CPUID
                 From    To Cache   Cache             MB/s

 A64 FX51-53     2200  2400   64     1024    DD2   2  1600  F58,F5A
 A64 FX55-57     2600  2800   64     1024    DD2   2  2000  F7A,20F71
 A64 2800-3400   1800  2200   64      512    DD2   1  1600  F48,F4A,FC0,20FC2
 A64 2800-3700   1600  2400   64     1024    DD2   1  1600  F48,F4A
 A64 3000-4000   1800  2600   64      512    DD2   2  2000  See aaaa   
 A64 1640B       2700         64      512    DD2   2  2000  70FF2
 A64 2650e       1600         64      512    DD2   2  2000  70FF2
 A64 LE1660      2800         64      512    DD2   2  2000  70FF2
 A64 LE1600-1640 2200  2700   64     1024    DD2   2  2000  50FF3
 A64 3700-4000   2200  2400   64     1024    DD2   2  2000  F7A,20F71,30F72

 A64 = Athlon 64  DD2 = DDR2
 aaaa F7A,FF0,10FF0,20F71,20FF0,20FF2,40FF2,50FF2,50FF3,70FF1

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 Athlon and Athlon 64 X2, X3 and X4

 CPU              MHz   MHz KB L1   KB L2  KB L3  RAM  Bus  CPUID  
                 From    To Cache   Cache  Cache       MB/s


 AX2 FX60-74     2600  3000  64*2   1024*2        DD2  2000 20F32,40F32,C0F13
 AX2 3800-4600   2000  2400  64*2    512*2        DD2  2000 See bbbb
 AX2 4400-4800   2200  2400  64*2   1024*2        DD2  2000 See bbbb
 AX2 3600-6000   1900  3100  64*2    512*2        DD2  2000 See cccc
 AX2 4000-6400   2000  3200  64*2   1024*2        DD2  2000 40F33
 AX2 BE2300-2400 1900  2300  64*2    512*2        DD2  2000 60FB1,60FB2
 AX2 4050e-5050e 2100  2600  64*2    512*2        DD2  2000 60FB2
 AX2 4450B-5600B 2300  2900  64*2    512*2        DD2  2000 60FB2

 K10 Athlon X2

 AX2 5000        2200        64*2    512*2        DD2  3200 100F42
 AX2 6500        2300        64*2    512*2  2048  DD2  3600 100F23
 AX2 7450-7850   2400  2800  64*2    512*2  2048  DD2  3600 100F23

 Athlon II X2, X3, X4

 AX2 235e-240e   2700  2800  64*2   1024*2        DD3  4000 100F62
 AX2  215        2700        64*2    512*2        DD3  4000 100F62
 AX2  240-250    2800  3000  64*2   1024*2        DD3  4000 100F62
 AX2  B22-B24    2800  3000  64*2   1024*2        DD3  4000 100F62

 AX3 400e-405e   2200  2300  64*3    512*3        DD3  4000 100F52
 AX3  425-435    2700  2900  64*3    512*3        DD3  4000 100F52

 AX4  620-630    2600  2800  64*4    512*4        DD3  4000 100F52
 AX4 600e-605e   2200  2300  64*4    512*4        DD3  4000 100F52

 AX2 = Athlon 64 or Athlon X2 Dual core, AX3 = Triple core, AX4 = Quad core 
 bbbb Socket 939 20F32,20FB1
 cccc Socket AM2 20F32,20FB1,40FB2,60FB1,60FB2 
 DD2 = DDR2   DD2 = DDR3
 
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 Mobile Athlon 64 and Turion

 CPU              MHz   MHz KB L1   KB L2    RAM   Bus  CPUID 
                 From    To Cache   Cache          MHz

 AMo 2800        1600         64      128    DD2  1600  F4A,F80,F82,FC0
 AMo 3000        1600         64      256    DD2  1600  F4A,F80,F82,FC0
 AMo 2000-3000   1600  2000   64      512    DD2  1600  F82,FC0,10FC0  
 AMo 2800-4000   1600  2600   64     1024    DD2  1600  F48,F4A,FC0,20F42
 AMo MV40        1600         64      512    DD2  1600  60FF2,70FF2    
 AMo TF36-TF38   2000  3200   64      256    DD2  1600  70FC2
 AMo TF20        1600         64      512    DD2  1600  70FC2

 AMD 3800-4000   2000  2200  64*2    512*2   DDR  1600  40FB2 
 AMd L310-L335   1200  1600  64*2    512*2   DD2  1600  60FB2
 AMd TK53-TK57   1700  1900  64*2    256*2   DD2  1600  60F81,60F82
 AMd M300-M320   2000  2100  64*2    512*2   DD2  3200  100FC2
 AMd QL60-QL65   1900  2100  64*2    512*2   DD2  3600  200F31
 AMd QL67        2200        64*2    512*2   DD2  4000  200F31

 TMo ML28-ML42   1600  2400   64      512    DDR  1600  20F42
 TMo ML30-ML44   1600  2400   64     1024    DDR  1600  20F42
 TMo MT29-MT32   1600  1800   64      512    DDR  1600  20F42
 TMo MT39-MT40   1600  2400   64     1024    DDR  1600  20F42

 TMd TL50        1600        64*2    256*2   DD2  1600  40F82 
 TMd TL52-TL68   1600  2400  64*2    512*2   DD2  1600  40F82,60F81,60F82
 TMd L510,L625   1600        64*2    512*2   DD2  1600  60FB2
 TMd M500-M540   2200  2400  64*2    512*2   DD2  3600  100F62
 TMd M600-M660   2400  2700  64*2   1024*2   DD2  3600  100F62
 TMd RM70-RM75   2000  2200  64*2    512*2   DD2  3600  200F31
 TMd RM77        2300        64*2    512*2   DD2  4000  200F31
 TMd ZM80-ZM85   2100  2300  64*2   1024*2   DD2  3600  200F31
 TMd ZM86        2400        64*2   1024*2   DD2  4000  200F31

 AMo = Mobile Athlon 64   AMd = Dual Core Mobile Athlon 64           
 TMo = Turion 64 Mobile   TMd = Dual Core Turion 64 Mobile
 DD2 = DDR2      

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 Sempron

 CPU              MHz   MHz KB L1   KB L2    RAM    Bus  CPUID
                 From    To Cache   Cache           MHz

 Sem 2600-3500   1600  2000   64      128    DDR   1600  See dddd
 Sem 2500-3800   1400  2200   64      256    DDR   1600  FC0,dddd
 Sem LE1100-1150 1900  2000   64      256    DD2   1600  70FF1
 Sem LE1200-1300 2100  2300   64      512    DD2   1600  70FF1,70FF2
 Sem 140         2700         64     1024    DD2   4000  100F62
 Sem 2100-2300X2 1800  2200  64*2    256*2   DD2   1600  60FB2

 
 SMo 2600-3600   1600  2200   64      128    DDR   1600  See eeee,FC0
 SMo 3100-3800   1800  2200   64      256    DDR   1600  eeee,40FC2,70FC2 
 SMo 4000        2200         64      512    DD2   1600  40FC2
 SMo 200U-210U   1000  1500   64      256    DD2   1600  60FF2,70FF2
 SMo SI40-42     2000  2100   64      512    DD2   3600  200F31
 SMo M100-M120   2000  2100   64      512    DD2   3200  100F62
 SMo NI52        1800        64*2    256*2   DD2   3600  200F31
 
 Sem  = Sempron   SMo = Mobile Sempron 
 dddd = 10FC0,10FF0,20FC0,20FC2,20FF0,20FF2,40FF2,50FF2
 eeee = F82,10FC0,20FC2

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 Opteron 1 and 2 Core

 CPU              MHz   MHz KB L1   KB L2    RAM   Bus   CPUID
                 From    To Cache   Cache         GT/s

 Opt  140-150    1400  2400   64     1024    DDR  1.6*3  F51,F58,F5A
 Opt  142-152    1600  2600   64     1024    DDR  2.0*3  20F51
 Opt  144-156    1800  3000   64     1024    DDR  2.0*1  20F71
 Opt  140EE      1400         64     1024    DDR  1.6*3  F5A
 Opt  146HE      2000         64     1024    DDR  1.6*3  F5A
 Opt  240-250    1400  2400   64     1024    DDR  1.6*3  F51,F58,F5A
 Opt  242-256    1600  3000   64     1024    DDR  2.0*3  20F51
 Opt  240EE      1400         64     1024    DDR  1.6*3  F5A
 Opt  246HE      2000         64     1024    DDR  1.6*3  F5A
 Opt  840-850    1400  2400   64     1024    DDR  1.6*3  F51,F58,F5A
 Opt  842-856    1600  3000   64     1024    DDR  2.0*3  20F51
 Opt  840EE      1400         64     1024    DDR  1.6*3  F5A
 Opt  846HE      2000         64     1024    DDR  1.6*3  F5A

 O2C  165-185    1800  2600  64*2   1024*2   DDR  2.0*1  20F32
 O2C  265-290    1800  2800  64*2   1024*2   DDR  2.0*3  20F12
 O2C  260-275HE  1600  2200  64*2   1024*2   DDR  2.0*3  20F12
 O2C  280-285SE  2400  2600  64*2   1024*2   DDR  2.0*3  20F12
 O2C  865-890    1800  2800  64*2   1024*2   DDR  2.0*3  20F10,20F12
 O2C  860-875HE  1600  2200  64*2   1024*2   DDR  2.0*3  20F12

 O2C 1210-1220   1800  2800  64*2   1024*2   DD2  2.0*1  40F32,40F33
 OC2 1222        3000        64*2   1024*2   DD2  2.0*3  40F32,40F33
 O2C 1210-1218HE 1800  2600  64*2   1024*2   DD2  2.0*3  40F12,40F13,40F32,40F33
 O2C 1220-1224SE 2800  3200  64*2   1024*2   DD2  2.0*3  40F32,40F33
 O2C 2210-2222   1800  3000  64*2   1024*2   DD2  2.0*3  40F12,40F13
 O2C 2210-2218HE 1800  2600  64*2   1024*2   DD2  2.0*3  40F12,40F13
 O2C 2220-2224SE 2800  3200  64*2   1024*2   DD2  2.0*3  40F12,40F13
 O2C 8212-8222   2000  3000  64*2   1024*2   DD2  2.0*3  40F12,40F13
 O2C 8212-8218HE 2000  2600  64*2   1024*2   DD2  2.0*3  40F12,40F13
 O2C 8220-8224SE 2800  3200  64*2   1024*2   DD2  2.0*3  40F12,40F13

 Opt = Opteron   O2C = Dual Core   DD2 = DDR2

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 Opteron 4 and 6 Core

 CPU              MHz   MHz KB L1   KB L2  KB L3  RAM   Bus  CPUID
                 From    To Cache   Cache  Cache       GT/s

 O4C 1352-1356   2100  2300  64*4   512*4   2048  DD2  3.6   100F22
 O4C 2347-2356   1900  2300  64*4   512*4   2048  DD2  2.0*3 See ffff
 O4C 2344-2350HE 1700  2000  64*4   512*4   2048  DD2  2.0*3 100F21,100F23,100F2A
 O4C 2358-2360SE 2400  2500  64*4   512*4   2048  DD2  2.0*3 100F23
 O4C 8347-8356   1900  2300  64*4   512*4   2048  DD2  2.0*3 See ffff
 O4C 8346-8350HE 1800  2000  64*4   512*4   2048  DD2  2.0*3 See ffff
 O4C 8358-8360SE 2400  2500  64*4   512*4   2048  DD2  2.0*3 100F22,100F23

 O4C 1381-1389   2500  2900  64*4   512*4   6144  DD3  4.4*1 100F42
 O4C 2376-2384   2300  2700  64*4   512*4   6144  DD2  2.0*3 100F42
 O4C 2387-2389   2800  2900  64*4   512*4   6144  DD2  4.4*3 100F42
 O4C 2372-2376HE 2100  2300  64*4   512*4   6144  DD2  2.0*3 100F42
 O4C 2379-2381HE 2400  2500  64*4   512*4   6144  DD2  4.0*3 100F42
 O4C 2386SE      2800        64*4   512*4   6144  DD2  2.0*3 100F42
 O4C 2393SE      3100        64*4   512*4   6144  DD2  4.4*3 100F42
 O4C 2373-2377HE 2100  2300  64*4   512*4   6144  DD2  4.0*3 100F42
 O4C 8378-8384   2400  2700  64*4   512*4   6144  DD2  2.0*3 100F42
 O4C 8387-8389   2800  2900  64*4   512*4   6144  DD2  4.4*3 100F42
 O4C 8374-8376HE 2200  2300  64*4   512*4   6144  DD2  2.0*3 100F42
 O4C 8379-8381HE 2400  2500  64*4   512*4   6144  DD2  4.0*3 100F42
 O4C 8386SE      2800        64*4   512*4   6144  DD2  2.0*3 100F42
 O4C 8393SE      3100        64*4   512*4   6144  DD2  4.4*3 100F42

 O6C 2427-2435   2200  2600  64*6   512*6   6144  DD2  4.8*3 100F80
 O6C 2423-2425HE 2000  2100  64*6   512*6   6144  DD2  4.8*3 100F80
 OC6 2419EE      1800        64*6   512*6   6144  DD2  4.8*3 100F80
 O6C 2439SE      2800        64*6   512*6   6144  DD2  4.8*3 100F80
 O6C 8431-8435   2400  2600  64*6   512*6   6144  DD2  4.8*3 100F80
 O6C 8425HE      2100        64*6   512*6   6144  DD2  4.8*3 100F80
 O6C 8439SE      2800        64*6   512*6   6144  DD2  4.8*3 100F80

 O4C  = Quad Core  O6C = Six Core  DD2 = DDR2  DD3 = DDR3
 ffff = 100F21,100F22,100F23,100F2A

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 Phenom

 CPU              MHz   MHz KB L1   KB L2  KB L3  RAM   Bus  CPUID
                 From    To Cache   Cache  Cache       GT/s

 PH3 8400-8600   2100  2300  64*3   512*3   2048  DD2  3.6   100F22  
 PH3 8450-8850   2100  2500  64*3   512*3   2048  DD2  3.6   100F23
 PH3 8250e-8450e 1900  2100  64*3   512*3   2048  DD2  3.6   100F23
 PH3 8600B-8750B 2300  2400  64*3   512*3   2048  DD2  3.6   100F23

 PH4 9500-9600   2200  2300  64*4   512*4   2048  DD2  3.6   100F22
 PH4 9550-9750   2200  2400  64*4   512*4   2048  DD2  3.6   100F23
 PH4 9850        2500        64*4   512*4   2048  DD2  4.0   100F23
 PH4 9100e       1800        64*4   512*4   2048  DD2  3.2   100F22
 PH4 9150e       1800        64*4   512*4   2048  DD2  3.2   100F23
 PH4 9350e-9450e 2000  2100  64*4   512*4   2048  DD2  3.6   100F23
 PH4 9850-9750BE 2500  2600  64*4   512*4   2048  DD2  4.0   100F23

 Phenom II

 P22  545-550    3000  3100  64*2   512*2   6144  DD3  4.0   100F42,100F43
 P22  B53-B55    2800  3000  64*2   512*2   6144  DD3  4.4   100F42,100F43

 P23 700e-705e   2400  2500  64*3   512*3   6144  DD3  4.0    100F42
 P23  710-720    2600  2800  64*3   512*3   6144  DD3  4.0    100F42
 P23  B73-B75    2800  3000  64*3   512*3   6144  DD3  4.0    100F42
 P23  720-740BE  2800  3000  64*3   512*3   6144  DD3  4.0    100F42

 P24  805-820    2500  2800  64*4   512*4   4096  DD3  4.0    100F42
 P24  910-945    2600  3000  64*4   512*4   6144  DD3  3.6    100F42,100F43
 P24  940-965BE  3000  3400  64*4   512*4   6144  DD3  4.0    100F42,100F43
 P24 900e-905e   2400  2500  64*4   512*4   6144  DD3  4.0    100F42
 P24  B93-B95    2800  3000  64*4   512*4   6144  DD3  4.0    100F42

 PH3 = Phenom X3       PH4 = Phenom X4  
 P22 = Phenom II X2    P23 = Phenom II X3    P24 = Phenom II X4
 DD2 = DDR2            DD3 = DDR3

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Cyrix


 CPU            MHz   MHz KB L1  KB L2     Type L2     FSB  Typical
               From    To Cache  Cache       Cache     MHz  RAM

 Cyrix          120   200   16  256-512    External  60-66  SDRAM
 Cyrix MX       150   233   64      512    External     66  SDRAM
 Cyrix M2       225   333   64 512-1024    External  75-83  SDRAM

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3. Benchmark Results Used

CPUID (WhatCPU.zip) has tests using 1, 2, 3 and 4 registers, simply adding 1. Tests are on integers, 32 bit SP and 64 bit DP floating point, MMX 32 bit integers, SSE SPFP, 3DNow SPFP and SSE2 DPFP. Assembly code loop has 20 adds and decrement/jump. The latter are included in instruction count for integer speed.

BusSpd2K (.zip) is read only using streamed sequential integer data using 64 AND from memory integer instructions and 512 MMX MOV 64 bit instructions in the assembly code timed loops. The MMX test is intended to show maximum data transfer rate from memory.

RandMem (.zip) uses C code with of eight & xi[xi[i+0]] | xi[xi[i+2]] statements (FP +, -, *) reading data or eight xi[xi[i+2]] = xi[xi[i+0]] statements for read/write. The pair are used for reading/writing 128 bytes in the loop with the indexing producing either sequential or random accessing. Four tests cover 32 bit integer operation and four 64 bit double precision floating point. With indexing calculations, this benchmarks has more instructions per word read or written than the other memory tests. Data transfer rate may be less but the MIPS/MHz ratio higher.

BenchNT.zip provides Whetstone, Dhrystone, Linpack and Livermore Loops Classic benchmarks, representing old code much with a small number of instructions in loops. Benchmark codes are provided compiled with full optimisation and no optimisation.

SSE3DNow (.zip) uses the same read and read/write functions as MemSpeed - C code - s=s+x[m]*y[m] and x[m]=x[m]+y[m]. The tests are run via the C code in Single Precision Floating Point with 16 unrolled statements in the inner loop (read 128 bytes, read/write 64/64 bytes). When available, the tests are also run using assembly instructions for SSE (SP), 3DNow (SP) and SSE2 (DP) handling the same amount of data in the inner loop.

FFTGraf (.zip) calculates Fast Fourier Transforms using single and double precision floating point numbers. Version 1 uses optimised C code with later versions using assembly code instructions. Memory accessing is on a random/skipped sequential basis where performance suffers due to burst reading from RAM. Earlier systems read in 32 byte bursts with later ones using 64 bytes with potentially slower speed on this and RandMem benchmarks.

BusSpd2K, RandMem and SSE3DNow run tests with increasing memory demands to measure performance via caches and RAM. Similarly, FFTGraf uses increasing FFT sizes.

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4. CPU/L1 Cache Speed %MIPS/MHz - 32 bit integers


 CPUM is CPUID
 BUS1 and BUS2 are BusSpd2K ANDing to 1 and 2 registers
 RSRD and RSWR are RandMem serial read, read/write
 DOPT and DNOP are Dhrystone 2 Optimised and Non-optimised
 WHET is from Whetstone average integer MIPS
 MMX1 is CPUID and MMX2 BusSpd2K

 CPU         CPUM BUS1 BUS2 RSRD RSRW DOPT DNOP WHET MMX1 MMX2
       
 80486         90   45   47   53   45   53   19   44  N/A     
 Pentium      198   49   95  114   89  135   29   98  N/A     
 Pentium Pro  196   95   95  181   57  156   45  157  N/A     
 Pentium MMX  200   49   96  121   96  137   30  105  363  197
 Celeron      196   98   96  186   89  160   45  159  292  196
 Pentium II   196   97   97  186   89  160   45  159  293  196
 Pentium III  197   97   98  186   89  160   45  159  289  197
 Celeron M    196   97   99  193   90  176   50  156  292  199
 Pentium M    196   97   99  198   91  211   52  181  286  199
 Pentium 4    287   95   93  198   82  120   14   47  200  187
 Pentium 4E/D 275   94   93  178   69  118   19   63  200  190
 Atom M       199   94   93   91   74  114   46   95  347  195
 Celeron C2 M 288   98   98  189  134  264   52  176  364  196
 Core 2 Duo M 293   99   99  130  155  271   53  178  365  197
 Core 2 Duo   293   99   99  204  146  269   52  180  363  197

 Core i7 #3   281   48   96  196  140  283   54  168  383  220
 Core i7 #4   308   52  105  214  154  310   59  184  420  241
 Core i7 #1   295   49   99  193   79  288   53  151  367  198
 Core i7 #2   364   61  122  238   98  356   66  187  454  245
 Core i5 #1   272   90  186  187  126  207   50  181  378  383
 Core i5 #2   391  130  267  268  181  297   72  260  543  551

 i7 860   #1 CPU at 3.466 GHz Turbo Boost, #2 based on non-boost 2.8 GHz
 i7 930   #3 CPU at 3.066 GHz Turbo Boost, #4 based on non-boost 2.8 GHz
 i5 2467M #1 CPU at 2.3   GHz Turbo Boost, #2 based on non-boost 1.6 GHz

 AMD K6X      197   94   96  130  109  144   22   99  197  197
 Duron        244   99  187  129   93  167   61  160  399  380
 Athlon       244   99  184  129   93  167   61  160  399  376
 Athlon XP    244  100  187  129   93  167   61  160  389  379
 Turion 64    292   99  191  137   97  197   61  169  395  395
 Athlon 64    293  100  193  126   92  200   62  170  400  397
 Phenom II    295  100  188  225  102  254   75  167  400  390

 Cyrix MX           86  128   86   69  135   30   85       163

Note: assuming CPUs of the same MHz, Pentium 4 is faster than AMD 64 on only one example and AMD CPUs have larger L1 cache. Pentiums could also be faster than P4s, probably due to shorter pipelines. Pentium 4E has even longer pipelines and performance characteristics are different to earlier P4s, some tests producing slower results and others faster. Pentium M/Celeron M and Core 2 Duo CPUs show superior performance to the P4 range on many of these tests, influenced by shorter pipelines.

This is the first example with i7 results, mainly showing exceptionally good MIPS/MHz results if we were unaware that the processor is running at a higher Turbo Boost speed. Assuming that all tests are run at the elevated speed, on the basis of these comparisons, the i7 processors are no better than those for Core 2 and much worse in two cases, maybe due to the particular code used in the benchmarks. The first is using BusSpd2k streaming data from L1 cache and ANDing to the same register. Here, performance has degraded to old Pentium standards, where ANDing to two registers is twice as fast. The other case is reading and writing using RandMem, where performance has returned to Pre-Core 2 levels.

Results for a newer i7, running at the same GHz, have been added, but this has lower Turbo Boost frequencies. However, it shows some significant improvement in tests involving reading/writing (RW - comparing #3 and #1).

The Phenom II performance profile is at least as good as earlier AMD processors. Adding Turbo Boost would make it faster than i7, based on average speed of these tests.

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5. CPU/L1 Cache Speed %MFLOPS/MHz - 32/64 bit SP/DP floating point


 CPUF is CPUID where SP and DP results are usually the same
 SSRD and SSRW are SSE3DNow normal SP Read and Read/Write
 RSRD is RandMem serial read, usually same as random read
 WHET is Whetstone SP benchmark average
 LMAX and LAVG are Livermore Loops maximum and average     
 FFSP and FFDP are from FFTGraf version 1 for smallest FFTs
 FFS2 and FFD2 are from FFTGraf optimised version 2

 CPU         CPUF SSRD SSRW RSRD WHET LMAX LAVG FFSP FFDP FFS2 FFD2
                                                        
 80486         8     8    5    6    6    8    4    5    4    5    4
 Pentium      94    33    9   22   17   33   12   18   11   17   14
 Pen Pro     100    66   18   33   21   60   17   24   19   40   30
 Pent MMX     95    39   11   24   17   34   13   21   17   19   16
 Celeron     100    65   17   33   21   59   18   37   31   46   40
 PII         100    66   17   33   21   59   18   37   28   44   33
 PIII        100    66   18   33   21   59   18   37   32   46   42
 Celeron M    90    90   19   43   21   87   21   46   39   56   50
 Pentium M    90    90   19   43   21   88   22   45   39   55   49
 P4           80    32    9   28    9   60   11   26   19   38   32
 P4E/D        66    51   14   22    8   50   10   25   23   29   29
 Atom M       50    33    9   17   10   27   10    6   13    7   14
 Celeron C2M  98    86   25   42   21   89   22   50   42   61   52
 Core 2 DuoM 100    83   23   40   21   90   23   37   42   61   53
 Core 2 Duo  100    91   23   43   21   93   22   52   43   63   54
 Core i7 #3   96    99   25   40   19   90   24   53   43   67   62
 Core i7 #4  105   108   27   44   21   98   26   58   48   74   68
 Core i7 #1  100    99   16   40   19   91   24   47   39   61   54
 Core i7 #2  124   122   20   49   24  112   30   58   48   76   67
 Core i5 #1   97   124   37   36   19  101   19   64   57   77   72
 Core i5 #2  139   178   55   52   28  145   27   93   81  111  104

 i7 860   #1 CPU at 3.466 GHz Turbo Boost, #2 based on non-boost 2.8 GHz
 i7 930   #3 CPU at 3.066 GHz Turbo Boost, #4 based on non-boost 2.8 GHz
 i5 2467M #1 CPU at 2.3   GHz Turbo Boost, #2 based on non-boost 1.6 GHz

 AMD K6X      47    29    9   15   15   36   12   14   14
 Duron       100    87   23   34   17  113   20   44   38   60   59
 Athlon      100    86   22   34   17  113   20   44   38          
 Athlon XP   100    88   23   34   17  113   20   47   42   65   58
 Turion 64   100    84   22   35   17  114   21   46   40   64   57
 Athlon 64   100    88   23   34   17  116   21   49   44   64   59
 Phenom II   100    95   22   43   15  130   21   48   42   70   66

 Cyrix MX                     11   10   18    8

AMD CPUs show superior performance to P4 of same MHz on all these floating point tests, average 1.9 times. They also have a larger L1 cache. Pentium M/Celeron M and Core 2 Duo CPU scores are similar to AMD’s but L1 cache sizes are smaller. The Phenom II profile is a little better than earlier processors and at least comparable to i7 boosted MFLOPS/MHz.

Assuming that the CPU is running at Turbo Boost GHz, i7 performance characteristics are similar to Core 2 but there is some degradation with reading and writing using SSE3DNow, corrected on the newer 930 model. Core i7 #1/2 was probably running at a lower Turbo Boost level for the FFT tests, but would also be affected by the slow read/write performance.

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6. CPU/L1 Cache Speed %MFLOPS/MHz - SSE SP, 3DNow SP, SSE2 DP FP


 xxSP is either 32 bit SSE or 3DNow
 xxDP is 64 bit SSE2
 CPxx is CPUID
 RDxx is SSE3DNow Read and RWxx Read/Write
 FFxx is FFTGraf version 3 single and double precision

 80486         -                                    
 Pentium       -                                    
 Pen Pro       -                                    
 Pent MMX      -                                    
 Celeron       -                                    
 PII           -                                    
 Cyrix MX      -                                    

 CPU         CPSP CPDP RDSP RDDP RWSP RWDP FFSP FFDP

 PIII        184     -  160    -   76    -   54    -
 Celeron M   187    94  191   89   93   48   61   40
 Pentium M   189    94  193   90   97   49   60   40
 P4          200   100  122   61   65   33   38   32
 P4E/D       200   100  146   74   86   43   34   31
 Atom M      319    32  113   24   95   24   15   18
 Celeron C2M 399   200  244  122  186   96   83   67
 Core 2 DuoM 400   200  252  128  193   96   88   69
 Core 2 Duo  400   200  264  132  198   99   93   72
 Core i7 #3  383   192  251  125  187   94  102   75
 Core i7 #4  420   210  274  137  205  102  112   83
 Core i7 #1  402   201  262  128  168   96   70   54
 Core i7 #2  497   248  323  158  207  119   87   67
 Core i5 #1  391   196  258  130  243  121  122   97
 Core i5 #2  562   281  371  196  350  174  175  139

 i7 860   #1 CPU at 3.466 GHz Turbo Boost, #2 based on non-boost 2.8 GHz
 i7 930   #3 CPU at 3.066 GHz Turbo Boost, #4 based on non-boost 2.8 GHz
 i5 2467M #1 CPU at 2.3   GHz Turbo Boost, #2 based on non-boost 1.6 GHz

 AMD K6X     199     -   96    -   81    -   ??    -
 Duron       199     -  177    -  105    -   63    -
 Athlon      200     -  171    -  102    -   63    -
 Athlon XP*  200     -  196    -   99    -   63    -
 Turion 64+  200   100  187   90   96   48   63   44
 Athlon 64+  197   100  194   97   99   50   71   44
 Phenom II   400   200  193   97  191   95   95   67

 - Extensions N/A                        
 * has SSE and 3DNow, similar performance
 + has SSE, 3DNow and SSE2

Again AMD performance is superior to P4s but similar to Pentium M/Celeron M. When introduced, Core 2 scores were by far the best on these SSE/SSE2 tests. Again assuming i7 run at Turbo Boost GHz, speeds reading cached data are comparable to Core 2 but slower when reading and writing.

AMD performance on SSE/SSE2 has been doubled with Phenom, in some cases and is, on average, as good as i7 Turbo Boost on the basis of MFLOPS/MHz. Again, Core i7 #1/2 was probably running at a lower Turbo Boost level for the FFT tests but would also be affected by the slow read/write performance.

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7. CPU/L2 Cache Speed %MIPS/MHz - 32 bit integers


 BUS2 is BusSpd2K ANDing to 2 registers
 RSRD is RandMem serial read
 RSWR is RandMem serial read/write
 RRRD is RandMem random read
 MMX2 is BusSpd2K

 CPU         BUS2 RSRD RSWR RRRD MMX2

 80486         11   19    9   10
 Pentium       29   48   24   20
 Pentium Pro   57  135   49   62 
 Pentium MMX   29   54   25   24   33
 Celeron       54  122   63   75   91
 Celeron 2     61  147   81  123  106
 Pentium II    19   93   26   48   30
 Pentium III   19   93   26   48   30
 Pentium IIIE  61  148   81  123  107
 Celeron M     63  143   75   96  108
 Pentium M     63  146   76   98  108
 Pentium 4     69  150   42   83  106
 Pentium 4E/D  63  117   36   64  111
 Atom M        57   74   53   25   75
 Celeron C2 M  85  171  132   91  110
 Core 2 Duo M  85  174  136   92  110
 Core 2 Duo    85  179  138   95  110
 Core i7 #3    88  184  129  107  118
 Core i7 #4    96  201  142  117  129
 Core i7 #1    90  178   71   95  121
 Core i7 #2   111  220   87  117  150
 Core i5 #1   160  207  120  128  186
 Core i5 #2   230  298  173  184  268

 i7 860   #1 CPU at 3.466 GHz Turbo Boost, #2 based on non-boost 2.8 GHz
 i7 930   #3 CPU at 3.066 GHz Turbo Boost, #4 based on non-boost 2.8 GHz
 i5 2467M #1 CPU at 2.3   GHz Turbo Boost, #2 based on non-boost 1.6 GHz

 AMD K62       21   62   20   13   21
 AMD K62+      63  107   79   29   82
 Duron         55   89   56   54   74
 Athlon        19   40   19   16   30
 Athlon TB     63   93   60   55   80
 Athlon XP     63   93   60   55   80
 Turion 64     72   78   50   70   80
 Athlon 64     78   91   57   81  121
 Phenom II    127  195   96  118  186

 Cyrix MX           45   22   22   38
 
 L3 Cache Results
 CPU         BUS2 RSRD RSWR RRRD MMX2

 Core i7 #3    85  176  118   43  113
 Core i7 #4    93  193  129   47  124
 Core i7 #1    76  156   67   38  117
 Core i7 #2    93  193   83   47  145
 Core i5 #1   147  170   90   54  156
 Core i5 #2   211  245  129   78  224
 Phenom II     80  145   82   20   98

Pentium 4 is faster than AMD CPUs of the same MHz up to Athlon XP on these L2 cache tests. Athlon 64 shows improvements on these speeds. Core 2 Duo is better than both P4 and Athlon 64 on most tests and has a much larger L2 cache.

Relative Turbo Boosted i7 to Core 2 results are similar to those using L1 cache, with RandMem reading and writing being much slower. All Phenom speeds are faster than older AMD processors, L2 cache efficiency being much higher, and MIPS/MHz calculations are now better than i7 using Turbo Boost. Phenom and i7 speeds via L3 cache are also shown. See above comments for slow Core i7 #1/2 results for reading/writing.

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8. CPU/L2 Cache Speed %MFLOPS/MHz - 32/64b SP/DP floating point


 LINP is Lipack (Large L1 cache helps)                        
 SSRD and SSRW are SSE3DNow normal SP Read and Read/Write     
 RSRD is RandMem serial read, usually same as random read     
 FFSP and FFDP are from FFTGraf version 1 for FFTs that use L2
 FFS2 and FFD2 are from FFTGraf optimised version 2           

 CPU         LINP SSRD SSRW RSRD FFSP FFDP FFS2 FFD2
                                                                
 80486          4    5    2    3    5    4    5    4
 Pentium       13   17    6    7   12    9   16   13
 Pentium Pro   24   60   13   26   20   19   39   30
 Pentium MMX   12   23    7    9   12   11   16   13
 Celeron       27   52   16   17   25   22   40   33
 Celeron 2     31   56   17   17   30   27          
 Pentium II    15   40   11   11   16   13   26   18
 Pentium III   15   40   11   11   16   13   26   18
 Pentium IIIE  31   56   17   18   30   27   44   39
 Celeron M     42   70   16   29   31   29   50   45
 Pentium M     45   71   16   31   31   29   50   45
 Pentium 4     28   31    9   30   23   18   39   32
 Pentium 4E/D  21   40   12   21   22   20   21   22
 Atom M        11   28    8   14   12   11   15   14
 Celeron C2 M  55   87   19   35   32   31   52   48
 Core 2 Duo M  55   81   21   34   32   31   52   48
 Core 2 Duo    59   87   21   37   33   31   52   48
 Core i7 #3    58   90   23   36   39   36   66   59
 Core i7 #4    63   98   25   40   42   39   72   65
 Core i7 #1    58   90   17   33   35   32   58   52
 Core i7 #2    72  111   22   40   43   39   71   64
 Core i5 #1    46  121   36   42   50   46   81   73
 Core i5 #2    66  174   52   60   72   67  116  105

 i7 860   #1 CPU at 3.466 GHz Turbo Boost, #2 based on non-boost 2.8 GHz
 i7 930   #3 CPU at 3.066 GHz Turbo Boost, #4 based on non-boost 2.8 GHz
 i5 2467M #1 CPU at 2.3   GHz Turbo Boost, #2 based on non-boost 1.6 GHz

 AMD K62       12              8    7    5          
 AMD K63       14   23    7   11                    
 Duron         38   40   12   14   16   15   26   16
 Athlon        36              8                    
 Athlon TB     38   40   12   20   16   15   28   28
 Athlon XP     38   40   12   20   16   15   37   29
 Turion 64     37   43   12   21   16   15   42   28
 Athlon 64     38   48   12   22   19   19   45   32
 Phenom II     47   94   21   43   22   20   52   41

 Cyrix MX      11              7                    

 L3 Cache Results
 CPU              SSRD SSRW RSRD FFSP FFDP FFS2 FFD2

 Core i7 #3         88   22   34   27   26   58   53
 Core i7 #4         96   24   38   30   28   64   58
 Core i7 #1         89   17   35   25   24   52   48
 Core i7 #2        110   21   43   31   29   65   59
 Core i5 #1        119   36   38   35   33   70   57
 Core i5 #2        171   52   54   50   48  101   82
 Phenom II          62   19   26   17   16   40   34

Latest AMD CPUs have similar average performance to P4s of the same MHz, the former benefiting from faster floating point and the latter from more efficient L2 cache. Pentium M/Celeron M are relatively better but top marks go to Core 2 Duo.

The new i7 processor has similar characteristics as Core 2, assuming that Turbo Boost is used. The more efficient L2 cache improves Phenom relative score with some better than i7. With data in L3 cache, the i7 has the edge. See above comments for slow Core i7 #1/2 results for reading/writing and with FFTs.

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9. CPU/L2 Cache Speed %MFLOPS/MHz - SSE SP, 3DNow SP, SSE2 DP FP


 xxSP is either 32 bit SSE or 3DNow, xxDP is 64 bit SSE2
 RDxx is SSE3DNow Read and RWxx Read/Write
 FFxx is FFTGraf version 3 single and double precision

 CPU          RDSP RDDP RWSP RWDP FFSP FFDP

 Pentium III          -         -         -
 Pentium IIIE  106    -   42    -   52    -
 Celeron M     110   55   42   21   51   36
 Pentium M     110   55   40   20   51   36
 Pentium 4     118   60   46   23   40   34
 Pentium 4E/D  139   69   54   27   36   30
 Atom M         67   20   38   17   28   16
 Celeron C2 M  171   88   85   42   78   60
 Core 2 Duo M  175   86   80   42   79   60
 Core 2 Duo    178   87   86   43   79   61
 Core i7 #3    225  113  104   52   98   69
 Core i7 #4    246  123  113   57  107   76
 Core i7 #1    204  115  105   51   69   52
 Core i7 #2    252  142  130   63   85   64
 Core i5 #1    256  130  154   74  115   78
 Core i5 #2    368  187  222  106  166  112

 i7 860   #1 CPU at 3.466 GHz Turbo Boost, #2 based on non-boost 2.8 GHz
 i7 930   #3 CPU at 3.066 GHz Turbo Boost, #4 based on non-boost 2.8 GHz
 i5 2467M #1 CPU at 2.3   GHz Turbo Boost, #2 based on non-boost 1.6 GHz

 AMD K62              -         -         -
 AMD K63        62    -   36    -         -
 Duron          64    -   27    -   27    -
 Athlon               -         -         -
 Athlon TB      68    -   26    -   30    -
 Athlon XP      68    -   26    -   37    -
 Turion 64      73   35   21   11   43   25
 Athlon 64      94   45   25   12   47   28
 Phenom II     195   98   72   37   65   34

                     - Extensions N/A
 L3 Cache Results
 CPU          RDSP RDDP RWSP RWDP FFSP FFDP

 Core i7 #3    188   94   75   38   82   58
 Core i7 #4    206  103   82   41   90   63
 Core i7 #1    171   93   76   37   57   43
 Core i7 #2    211  115   94   46   71   54
 Core i5 #1    218  115   99   51   92   74
 Core i5 #2    314  165  142   74  132  106
 Phenom II      90   43   40   20   48   29

Performance of these SIMD streaming instructions is superior on the P4 versus AMD CPUs of the same MHz. Athlon 64 shows improvements over earlier AMD CPUs. Again, Core 2 Duo was best at the time. Core i7 provides further relative gains and is still better than the vastly improved Phenom. This relativity is increased further with data in L3 cache. See above comments for slow Core i7 #1/2 results for reading/writing and FFTs.

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10. RAM Speed %MIPS/MHz - 32 bit integers

Performance via data in RAM may also depend on CPU MHz besides RAM/bus speeds. This can result in a reduction in %MIPS/MHz with higher speed CPUs. There can also be wide variations according to mainboard/chipset. 


 BUS2 is BusSpd2K ANDing to 2 registers
 RSRD is RandMem serial read
 RSWR is RandMem serial read/write
 RRRD is RandMem random read
 MMX2 is BusSpd2K MMX instructions

 CPU            MHz    RAM BUS2 RSRD RSWR RRRD MMX2

 80486           66           9   18    6    5     
 Pentium        100          18   31   13    6     
 Pentium Pro    200          30   36   14    9     
 Pentium MMX    200          17   34   16    6   17
 Celeron A      300     66   23   42   14   11   37
 Celeron A      550     66   14   26   10    8   20
 Celeron 2      566     66   15   27   11    8   23
 Celeron 2      800  PC100   14   25    9    6   23
 Pentium II     450  PC100   18   37   12   11   27
 Pentium III    450  PC100   18   37   12   11   27
 Pentium III    800  PC100   15   34    9    9   24
 Pentium IIIEB  666  PC133   17   32   10    8   24
 Pentium IIIEB 1000  PC133   15   28    6    6   23
 Celeron M     1295               44   13    4     
 Pentium M     1862 PC2700D  31   62   16   10   34
 Pentium 4     1400  PC800   24   52   17    4   29
 Pentium 4     2400  PC800   16   34   11    3   20
 Pentium 4N    2533 PC1066   21   43   15    4   23
 Pentium 4N    1800 PC2100   20   43   13    3   23
 Pentium 4N    2533 PC2100   16   34    9    2   17
 Pentium 4N    3000 PC2700   18   37    8    2   19
 Pentium 4N    3300 PC3200D  23   49   19    3   26
 Pentium 4E/D  3000 PC3200D  30   65   21    3   32
 Atom M        1600 DD2533   47   71   25    2   51
 Celeron C2 M  2000 DD2533D  33   84   22    7   44
 Core 2 Duo M  1830 DD2666D  50  104   30   11   50
 Core 2 Duo XX 2400 DD2533D  45   95    9    4   51
 Core 2 Duo    2400 DD2533D  45  102   29    9   54
 Core 2 Duo    2400 DD2800D  51  109   35   11   60
 Core i7 #3    3066 D31067D  64  131   63   17   68
 Core i7 #4    2800 D31067D  70  144   69   19   74
 Core i7 #1    3460 D31333D  68  125   54   17   71
 Core i7 #2    2800 D31333D  84  155   67   21   87
 Core i5 #1    2300 D31333D 103  148   86   12  112
 Core i5 #2    1600 D31333D 148  212  124   17  160

 i7 860   #1 CPU at 3.466 GHz Turbo Boost, #2 based on non-boost 2.8 GHz
 i7 930   #3 CPU at 3.066 GHz Turbo Boost, #4 based on non-boost 2.8 GHz
 i5 2467M #1 CPU at 2.3   GHz Turbo Boost, #2 based on non-boost 1.6 GHz

 AMD K6X        500  PC100   13   31    8    3   13
 Duron          600  PC133   18   23   12    3   38
 Duron         1000  PC133   10   15    7    2   26
 Athlon         800  PC100   11   16    8    2   31
 Athlon TB      750  PC133   17   18    9    3   31
 Athlon TB     1000  PC133   11   14    7    2   26
 Athlon XP     1200 PC2100   13   18    9    4   23
 Athlon XP     1733 PC2100   13   19    9    5   19
 Athlon XP     2167 PC2700D  12   22   13    5   18
 Turion 64     1900 DD2320D  33   50   25    7   35
 Athlon 64     2000 PC3200D  34   43   25    3   37
 Athlon 64     2210 PC3200D  32   54   24    4   33
 Phenom II     3000 D31333D  44  113   74   14   58

 Cyrix MX       225     66        30   10    7     
 D = dual channel     DD2 = DDR2    D3 = DDR3

 XX - slow nForce 570 chipset on some tests

Comparing CPUs of the same MHz and the same memory speed, P4s show superiority performance of speed via data in RAM compared with AMD with CPUs prior to Athlon 64. Core 2 Duo performance is outstanding on some of these tests but poor on others, perhaps due to using the nForce 570 chipset. Later results via Intel 965 chipset confirmed this suspicion, giving rise to Core 2 Duo with DDR2 RAM taking the lead on performance at that time.

This i7 with DDR3 RAM pushes this processor into the lead with data in RAM. Core i7 #1/2 RAM is faster but see above comments for slow results for reading/writing. The Phenom shows more significant improvements but MIPS/MHz is slower except for one test.

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11. RAM Speed %MFLOPS/MHz - 32/64b SP/DP floating point

Examples - see paragraph 10 notes, but FP variations are less than with integers. 


 SSRD and SSRW are SSE3DNow normal SP Read and Read/Write 
 RSRD and RRRD are RandMem serial read and random read    
 FFSP and FFDP are from FFTGraf version 1 for largest FFTs
 FFS2 and FFD2 are from FFTGraf optimised version 2       

 CPU               MHz SSRD SSRW RSRD RRRD FFSP FFDP FFS2 FFD2

 80486              66    5    2    2  1.0    3    3    4    3
 Pentium           100   10    4    4  1.6    6    6   12    9
 Pentium Pro       200   16    5    6  2.2    7    6   23   15
 Pentium MMX       200   14    5    5  1.3    7    6   13   11
 Celeron           300   19    5    4  2.2    8    6   22   12
 Pentium II        450   16    5    4  2.0    5    5   15   10
 Pentium III       450   16    5    4  2.0    5    5   15   10
 Pentium IIIEB     800   12    4    4  1.6    5    4   22   16
 Celeron M        1295   28    7    9  0.9    3    3   19   14
 Pentium M DCDDR  1862   33    9   11  2.8    6    5   26   21
 Pentium 4 RDRAM  2000   22    5    6  0.9    3    3   15   12
 Pentium 4 DDR    2533   17    3    5  0.4    2    2   10   10
 Pentium 4 DCDDR  3300   25    7    7  0.8                    
 Pentium 4E DCDDR 3000   27    9   10  0.9    4    3   13   12
 Atom M     DDR2d 1600   26    8   11  0.4    1    1   10   10
 Celeron C2M DDR2 2000   39   12   12  1.8    4    4   27   23
 Core 2 DuoM DDR2 1830   57   16   17  2.6    7    7   31   28
 Core 2 Duo DDR2a 2400    8    3    5  1.2    3    3   26   17 XX
 Core 2 Duo DDR2a 2400   50   16   16  2.5    8    7   35   31
 Core 2 Duo DDR2c 2400   54   18   18  2.8   10    9   37   33
 Core i7 #3 DDR3b 3066   53   18   19  4.0   21   19   51   40
 Core i7 #4 DDR3b 2800   59   20   21  5.0   23   21   56   44
 Core i7 #1 DDR3a 3460   56   16   19  4.0   18   17   46   38
 Core i7 #2 DDR3a 2800   69   20   24  4.9   22   21   57   46
 Core i5 #1 DDR3b 2300   97   32   28  3.0   18   17   57   50
 Core i5 #2 DDR3b 1600  140   46   40  4.3   26   25   81   72

 i7 860   #1 CPU at 3.466 GHz Turbo Boost, #2 based on non-boost 2.8 GHz
 i7 930   #3 CPU at 3.066 GHz Turbo Boost, #4 based on non-boost 2.8 GHz
 i5 2467M #1 CPU at 2.3   GHz Turbo Boost, #2 based on non-boost 1.6 GHz

 AMD K63           400    6    2    4  0.7    3    3          
 Duron             950    8    3    4  0.5    3    2   13    8
 Athlon            550              5  0.8                    
 Athlon TB        1000              4  0.5    2    2   13    8
 Athlon XP        2167   15    6    5  1.3    3    3   16   12
 Turion 64 DDR2a  1900   32   10   10  1.9    5    5   22   17
 Athlon 64        2000   32    9   11  1.2                    
 Athlon 64 DCDDR  2210   33   10   11  1.5    5    5   23   18
 Phenom II DDR3a  3000   36   15   25  3.9    9    6   34   19

 Cyrix MX          225              4  1.2                    

 XX - slow nForce 570 chipset on some tests
 DDR2a 533 MHz, DDR2c 800 MHz, DDR3a 1333 MHz, DDR3b 1067 MHz, 
 DDR2d 533 MHz 1 ch


Superior floating point performance with AMD CPUs helped to overcome inferior RAM speeds compared with Pentium 4. Except for those from nForce 570 chipset, Core 2 Duo scores came out best. Core i7 provided further gains in relative speeds and Phenom improvements failed to close the gap in many cases. Core i7 #1/2 RAM is faster but see above comments for slow results for reading/writing and with FFTs.

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12. RAM Speed %MFLOPS/MHz - SSE SP, 3DNow SP, SSE2 DP FP

Examples - see 10. notes, but FP variations are less than with integers. 


 xxSP is either 32 bit SSE or 3DNow, xxDP is 64 bit SSE2
 RDxx is SSE3DNow Read and RWxx Read/Write
 FFxx is FFTGraf version 3 single and double precision

 CPU               MHz RDSP RDDP RWSP RWDP FFSP FFDP

 Pentium IIIE      800   26    -    8    -   23    -
 Celeron M        1295   28   14    8    4   22   13
 Pentium M DCDDR  1862   31   16    9    5   34   20
 Pentium 4 DDR    2533   18    9    4    2   12    9
 Pentium 4 RDRAM  2411   24   12    7    4   14   11
 Pentium 4 DCDDR  2533   22   11    6    3   15   11
 Pentium 4E DCDDR 3000   31   15   10    5   22   16
 Atom M     DDR2d 1600   45   18   14    7   16   10
 Celeron C2M DDR2 2000   39   19   11    6   35   25
 Core 2 DuoM DDR2 1830   60   30   17    8   43   31
 Core 2 Duo DDR2a 2400    7    4    3    2   32   20 XX
 Core 2 Duo DDR2a 2400   75   37   29   14   73   45
 Core 2 Duo DDR2c 2400   82   41   31   16   80   49
 Core i7 #1 DDR3a 3460   77   45   30   15   54   37
 Core i7 #2 DDR3a 2800   95   56   37   19   66   46
 Core i5 #1 DDR3a 2300  141   77   59   30   68   56
 Core i5 #2 DDR3a 1300  202  110   84   43   98   80

 i7 860   #1 CPU at 3.466 GHz Turbo Boost, #2 based on non-boost 2.8 GHz
 i7 930   #3 CPU at 3.066 GHz Turbo Boost, #4 based on non-boost 2.8 GHz
 i5 2467M #1 CPU at 2.3   GHz Turbo Boost, #2 based on non-boost 1.6 GHz

 AMD K63           400    7    -    2    -         -
 Duron             950   15    -    5    -   13    -
 Athlon Tb        1200    9    -    4    -   12    -
 Athlon XP        2167   19    -    7    -   17    -
 Turion 64        1900   38   19   14    7   25   17
 Athlon 64        2000   34   17   10    5   25   16
 Athlon 64 DCDDR  2210   39   20   12    6   26   17
 Phenom II DDR3a  3000   54   27   20   10   37   21

 - Extensions N/A  XX - slow nForce 570 chipset on some tests
   DDR2a 533 MHz, DDR2c 800 MHz, DDR2d 533 MHz 1 channel


These results could justify that a 2 GHz Athlon 64 is equivalent to a 3 GHz P4 when running SIMD streaming instructions with data in RAM. Yet again, with the nForce 570 chipset, Core 2 Duo results were very poor but other chipsets showed Core 2 as the best yet. Again, The i7 produced further improvements as did the Phenom but the former rules the roost. Note once more that Core i7 #1/2 RAM is faster, but see above comments for slow results for reading/writing and with FFTs.

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Produced by Roy Longbottom December 2004
Updated April 2012